CAA News

CAA’s Services to Artists Committee invites artist members to participate in ARTexchange, an open forum for sharing work at the 2013 Annual Conference. Free and open to the public, ARTexchange will be held on Friday, February 15, 5:30–7:30 PM, in a central location at the Hilton New York. A cash bar will be available.

ARTexchange is an annual event showcasing the art of CAA members, who can exhibit their paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculptures, and digital works using the space on, above, and beneath a six-foot folding table. Artists may also construct temporary mini-installations and conduct performance, sound, and spoken-word pieces in their space. In the past, many ARTexchange participants found the event to be their favorite part of the conference, with the table parameter sparking creative displays.

To be considered for ARTexchange in New York, please send your full name, your CAA member number, a brief description of the work you want to exhibit (no more than 150 words), and a link to your website to Lauren Stark, CAA manager of programs. Artists presenting performance or sound art, spoken word, or technology-based work, including laptop presentations, must add a few sentences about their plans. Accepted participants will receive an email confirmation. Because ARTexchange is a popular venue with limited space, early applicants will be given preference. Deadline: December 14, 2012.

Participants are responsible for their work; CAA is not liable for losses or damages. Sale of work is not permitted. Participants may not hang artworks on walls or run power cords from laptops or other electronic devices to outlets—bring fully charged batteries.

Image: the artists Jeff Schmuki and Wendy DesChene, founders of PlantBot Genetics, demonstrate their products during ARTexchange at the 2012 Annual Conference in Los Angeles (photograph by Bradley Marks)

CAA is partnering with Tutku Tours to provide an exclusive offer for its members to spend thirteen days exploring the ancient and contemporary sides of Turkey, from April 26 to May 10, 2013. Highlights of the trip include stops in Istanbul, Izmir, Cappadocia, Troy, Ephesus, and Pamukkale. The tour begins with three full days in Istanbul—the “city located on two continents”—where travelers will visit the major attractions,  including the Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia, and also get to know the city’s vibrant street life and local art scene.

Next, the tour will visit the ancient city of Troy and the Pergamum acropolis, and also the less-trodden destination of Ayvalık, a small town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. After several days of immersion in the ancient world, the group will pay a visit to the second International Izmir Art Biennial, one of the largest international art events in the country that will include more than three hundred artists; Seba Uğurtan, the biennial’s founder, will give tour participants an exclusive overview of the exhibition.

The Art of Turkey Tour will also provide CAA members with time for rest and relaxation. It will stop at the port city of Ephesus to visit a carpet school, along with an overnight stay at a spa hotel at the Pamukkale hot springs. The trip will conclude with a full day in Cappadocia, where travelers will explore the Goreme Open Air Museum, a vast collection of painted cave-churches dating from 1000 AD.

Getting There: Turkish Airlines provides nonstop, direct flights from the United States and Canada, leaving from New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, DC, and Toronto.

Land and Air Rates: $4,090 per person for a double room; $4,880 per person for a single room.

The Art of Turkey Tour features include:

• International flight from New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, DC, or Toronto
• Thirteen nights in superior hotels
• Meals (thirteen dinners, four lunches, daily breakfasts)
• All entry fees to museums and sites, including the Izmir Art Biennial
• Transportation and tour guide
• Hot-air balloon flight and a whirling-dervishes ceremony in Cappadocia

For a day-by-day tour itinerary, please download and review the Art of Turkey brochure.

CAA has extended the deadline for session proposals for the 2014 Annual Conference in Chicago to Friday, September 14, 2012. Conference sessions cover the breadth of current thought and research in art, art and architectural history, theory and criticism, pedagogical issues, museum and curatorial practice, conservation, and developments in technology.

The 2014 program is shaped by four broad submission categories: Historical Studies, Contemporary Issues/Studio Art, Educational and Professional Practices, and Open Forms. For Open Forms, members may submit themed panels that feature alternative formats such as panel discussions or interviews, or even sessions that provide alternate speaking lengths, rather than the usual five speakers in twenty-minute presentations.

You must be a current CAA member in order to submit a proposal. Please visit www.collegeart.org/proposals/2014 for complete details on the process.

Image: Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate, 2004, in Millennium Park (photograph by Bradley Marks)

CAA, in partnership with Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC), will present its next National Professional-Development Workshop for Artists on Saturday, October 6, 2012. The one-day event, called “Hybrid Careers,” will explore in separate sessions the four steps of the creative endeavor: “Seeking,” “Solving,” “Making,” and “Reflecting.”

“Hybrid Careers” will take place on Saturday, October 6, from 8:15 AM to 12:00 NOON and again from 1:00 to 4:00 PM. There will be a lunch break from 12:00 NOON to 1:00 PM, and an open-studio reception for all participants for networking and sharing from 4:00 to 5:00 PM. The sessions take place at the Jean Vollum Drawing, Painting, and Photography Building on the OCAC campus at 8245 Southwest Barnes Road, Portland, OR 97225 (map). The workshop is $35. Each of the four sessions will be presented once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Workshop registrants must choose two sessions for the day.

The workshop will begin at 8:15 AM with check-in and a complimentary continental breakfast. The sessions start at 9:00 AM. “Seeking,” led by Katy Asher, an artist and alumna of Portland State University, and Carl Diehl, an artist and an instructor at Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA), will focus on means of sparking and expanding on flickers of inspiration. In “Solving,” participants will actively engage in determining theories or hypotheses of how to solve problems, guided by Susanna Hohmann, an instructor in the OCAC/PCNA graduate program in applied craft and design and a designer at Terrazign, along with Carly Mick, also of Terrazign. “Making,” led by Jake Sorenson, a sculptor and OCAC alumnus, and Brett Binford, co-owner of Mudsharks Studio, will explore the process and evolution of the conceptual object. Finally, Kate Bingaman-Burt, an artist, designer, and assistant professor at Portland State University, and Jeremy Pelley of the Official Manufacturing Company (OMFGCO) will lead “Reflecting,” which will encourage participants to reach a greater understanding of their likes and dislikes. From this knowledge, they can then learn to focus on projects that they can really believe in.

Read full descriptions of all four sessions.

Registration for the workshop is first-come, first-served. Because space is extremely limited, registration must be completed in advance; it will not be possible to register at the door. To pay by credit card, debit card, or PayPal, go to www.collegeart.org/registerportlandworkshop. Then contact Susan Schear at 973-482-1000 and indicate which two sessions you would like to attend. If paying by check, contact Susan Schear to affirm your registration and session selection. Then make your check payable to College Art Association and mail it to: Thomas Orr, Interim Dean, 8245 Southwest Barnes Road, Portland, OR 97225. Please include your name, complete mailing address, email, and phone number and also note “Hybrid Careers Workshop” on the outside of the envelope.

If you have any questions, please contact Susan Schear at 973-482-1000 and include your name, mailing address, email, and phone number in your voicemail or email.

Workshop Partners

Oregon College of Art and Craft is a creative community offering undergraduate degrees and certificates, graduate degrees, and continuing-education classes for adults and children.

Additional workshop partners are: Pacific Northwest College of Art; Official Manufacturing Company (OMFGCO); Vizwerks; Interior Design at Marylhurst University (IDMU); Mudsharks Studios; and Terrazign.

As a leading professional organization in the visual arts, the College Art Association serves the needs and interests of 12,000 individual and 2,000 institutional members. Founded in 1911, CAA publishes two scholarly journals in art history, an online reviews journal for books and exhibitions, a weekly email newsletter, and a website with news about the organization, its members, and the larger art and academic worlds. CAA also hosts an Annual Conference for 4,000 to 6,000 artists, scholars, and students, provides career services, and advocates the visual arts on a national level.

Many CAA members might not be aware that the Annual Conference Committee has approved the ability for artists and art historians to propose a wide variety of sessions in alternative formats for this year and subsequent conferences. Through its Open Forms category, members may submit, for example, themed panels that feature alternative formats such as panel discussions or interviews, or even sessions that provide alternate speaking lengths, rather than the usual five speakers in twenty-minute presentations. These are just some of the many possibilities that members may suggest. Of particular interest are sessions making use of new technologies, such as Skype, or other means to expand the scope of material that can be shared with session participants.

The new sessions will be added to the standard session process as a way of encouraging dynamic and experimental approaches to the conference. CAA supports this as part of its 2010–2015 Strategic Plan in which exploring alternative formats for the annual conference is a goal. A Board of Directors–appointed Task Force to Review Annual Conference Technologies, under the leadership of CAA’s vice president for Annual Conference, Jacqueline Francis, is currently investigating a wide variety of possibilities (including digital formats) for our conference and will be making recommendations to the board for changes at meetings in the coming year. An exciting innovation already in place for our coming 2013 conference is free Wi-Fi for conference goers. As CAA further explores how to implement new technologies and related new formats for presentation, member-driven ideas at upcoming Annual Conferences will be of particular interest for the board. As such, all members are encouraged to consider an alternative session proposal along with the traditional models.

To submit a proposal for an Open Forms session, please visit http://www.collegeart.org/proposals/2014. Deadline extended: September 14, 2012.

In its monthly roundup of obituaries, CAA recognizes the lives and achievements of the following artists, curators, designers, photographers, filmmakers, and other men and women whose work has had a significant impact on the visual arts. This month was marked by the loss of the larger-than-life art critic Robert Hughes, the French filmmaker Chris Marker, the beloved collector Herbert Vogel, the New York painter and professor Denyse Thomasos, and the Austrian sculptor Franz West.

• Jane Barbour, a British researcher of African artifacts and textiles, died on June 14, 2012, at the age of 89. Barbour and her husband, a geographer, lived in different parts of Africa from the 1950s to the 1980s. She edited the volumes Adire Cloth in Nigeria (1971) and Kenyan Pots and Potters (1989)
• Karl Benjamin, a prominent member of the West Coast art scene in the 1950s and 1960s, died on July 26, 2012. He was 86 years old. Benjamin painted in an ordered geometric pattern, dubbed Abstract Classicism by his painting cohort as a response to New York’s Abstract Expressionism. His methodology was informed by many decades as an elementary school art teacher in southern California
• Bram Bogart, a Dutch-born artist who lived in France and Belgium and was known for his heavily layered pigment-and-cement paintings, died on May 2, 2012. He was 90 years old. Associated with the CoBrA art movement in Europe, Bogart exhibited with Jean Dubuffet, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Soulages, and Karel Appel
• Horacio Coppola, an Argentine photographer active in the avant-garde art scene of Buenos Aires, died on June 18, 2012, at the age of 105. Coppola worked in two modes of black-and-white photography: Surrealist-tinged nocturnal shots of city streets, and stark abstract portraits of objects reminiscent of Bauhaus experiments with the medium
• Stephen Dwoskin, an experimental filmmaker and teacher originally from New York and based in London for over forty years, passed away on June 28, 2012, at age 73. In 1966 he cofounded the London Film-Makers’ Co-op with his fellow filmmaker Jeff Keen (who died in June) and the poet Bob Cobbing. Dwoskin’s films include Chinese Checkers (1964) and Trixi (1969); retrospectives of his work have been held at the British Film Institute in 2009 and at the Arsenal in Berlin in 2010
• Eugene F. Farrell, formerly senior conservation scientist at the Harvard Art Museums’ Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, passed away on March 19, 2012. He was 78 years old. Farrell’s colleague Francesca G. Bewer has written a special obituary for CAA
• Mary Fedden, a British painter of modernist-inflected still lifes, passed away on June 22, 2012, at the age of 96. Her subject matter was domestic life, but her work also made reference to the choices of Cubist painters and Henri Matisse: flattened tabletops, vases, bottles, and flowers. Fedden was the first woman to teach at the Royal College of Art in London, a position she held from 1956 to 1964
• Chris Honey, a British architect and humanitarian, died on June 20, 2012, at the age of 52. Honey’s most significant assignment was the design of the Sanctuary Lakes Resort in Melbourne, Australia. He and his wife Rebecca were supporters of the Oxford-based charity Lifelines that works to abolish the death penalty in the United States
• Marilyn Houlberg, an artist and a scholar of the arts of Haiti and Western Africa, died on June 30, 2012. She was 72 years old. Houlberg was a professor emeritus of art history, theory, and criticism at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. She cocurated the traveling exhibition Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou (1995) and contributed essays to the publications Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World (2005) and Vodou: Visions and Voices of Haiti (1998)
• Robert Hughes, the Australian-born art critic, died on August 6, 2012, at the age of 74. Hughes began writing for Time in 1970, and in 1980 his book and BBC television series The Shock of the New brought his theory of modern art and culture to a wider audience. Hughes was known for his elegant yet fiery critical voice that rattled the genteel art worlds of New York and London
• Georgina Hunt, a British artist known for her luminous, gradient-color paintings, passed away on April 16, 2012. She was 89. Hunt was transformed by her time spent in New York in the early 1970s, where she furthered developed her minimalist approach to painting. Another early influence on her technique was Carl Jung’s theory of the integrated personality
• Sunil Janah, a photojournalist who captured India as it fought against colonial rule to become an independent state in 1947, died on June 21, 2012. He was 96 years old. Working with a rudimentary camera—a Kodak Box Brownie—he photographed Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, as well as moments of ordinary life and mass demonstrations
• Wael Issa Kaston, a Syrian sculptor who worked in wood and mud, has reportedly been killed in Homs under torture by the Syrian government. He was 46 years old, and the news of his death was first announced on July 24, 2012. Kaston’s figurative work dealt with the “freedom of women,” and he described his choice of materials as connected to the elemental life force of the human body
• Bill Komodore, a painter and professor of art at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, died on August 3, 2012, at the age of 80. Born in Athens, Greece, Komodore made expressive, lyrical work that engaged the subjects of myth, war, and love. His 2010 exhibition Arcadia: The Recent Paintings was held at the Decorazon Gallery in Dallas
• Chris Marker, the renowned French filmmaker who invented the essay-film and took the medium to new heights of poetry and political force, passed away on July 30, 2012. He was 91. Marker’s best-known films, La Jetée (1962) and Sans Soleil (1982), deal with memory, time travel, and human longing. He also worked in photography, video installations, and new media: his last exhibition was a portrait series of anonymous Paris métro riders, called Passengers (2011) at Peter Blum in New York
• Helen Messenger, one half of a flamboyantly bohemian artist couple (her husband was the artist Tony Messenger), died on April 11, 2012, at the age of 77. The Messengers met as students at Saint Martin’s School of Art in London and established an informal salon for new ideas in fashion, art, and lifestyle, in their Notting Hill home in London. Helen was later involved in costume design in the 1960s and 1970s, working for Ossie Clark, Laura Ashley, and, most famously, David Bowie
• Dewey Mosby, a specialist in nineteenth- and twentieth-century French art and director emeritus of the Picker Art Gallery at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, died on August 1, 2012, at the age of 70. Mosby was the first African American to receive a PhD in art history from Harvard University and also the first African American curator of European art at a major art museum (Detroit Institute of Arts)
• Alvin Nickel, a fabric artist and professor emeritus of art and art history at the University of Texas at Austin, died on August 27, 2011. He was 85 years old. Prior to joining the university in 1960, he worked as a craft director for the United States government in Germany. Nickel created large-scale painterly wall hangings using the dyeing process of batik
• Walter Pichler, a visionary Austrian architect and artist, passed away on July 16, 2012, at the age of 75. Pichler called his architectural plans “dream drawings” and was invested in the narrative possibilities of architecture and design. In later years he moved even further in the direction of fine art with a series of drawings and installations based on his farm in rural Austria
• Jacinto Quirarte, professor emeritus and former dean of the College of Fine and Applied Arts at the University of Texas at San Antonio, died on July 20, 2012. He was 81 years old. Quirarte specialized in Precolumbian art, Latin American art, and Latino art history. From 1982 to 1987 he chaired the National Task Force on Hispanic Art of the National Endowment for the Arts. His books include The Art and Architecture of the Texas Missions (2002), Izapan-Style Art: A Study of Its Form and Meaning, and Mexican American Artists (both 1973)
• Mary Louise Milligan Rasmuson, a patron of the arts in Alaska, died on July 30, 2012, at the age of 101. She was married to Elmer Rasmuson, chairman of the National Bank of Alaska, and through the Rasmuson Foundation the couple helped to found Alaska’s Anchorage Museum of History and Art in 1968. During World War II and after, she was an ardent campaigner for women’s rights in the military and was named fifth commandment of the Women’s Army Corp in 1957 by President Dwight Eisenhower
• Denise René, a Parisian gallery director and an art collector whose stable of abstract artists included Jean Arp, Alexander Calder, and Piet Mondrian, passed away on July 9, 2012. She was 99. A 1938 meeting with the artist Victor Vasarely in the Café de Flore in Paris ignited her career in dealing art. In 2001 the Pompidou Center in Paris held an exhibition in homage to her cultural impact as a gallerist
• Wayne Roberts, a Bronx-based graffiti artist known by the street moniker Stay High 149, died on June 11, 2012, at the age of 61. Roberts’s heyday was in the 1970s; his work was featured in Norman Mailer’s book The Faith of Graffiti (1973), and he was respected by graffiti aficionados for his easily identifiably tag of a joint-smoking haloed stick figure
• Martin E. Segal, a patron of the arts and a long-time supporter of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York, passed away on August 5, 2012. He was 96 years old. Segal was instrumental in setting up the Film Society of Lincoln Center, where he served as chief executive from 1968 to 1978. In his last years he remained a spritely figure in the philanthropic world, always wearing a rose in his lapel at social functions around the city
• Roy Shaw, formerly secretary-general of the Arts Council of Great Britain, died on May 15, 2012, at the age of 93. During his tenure, Shaw sought to make the arts more accessible to the public without consenting to vulgarization and commercialism. He was knighted in 1979 and authored the volume The Arts and the People (1987)
• Jack Simcock, a British painter, died on May 13, 2012, at the age of 82. Simcock’s signature paintings were rich, dark-toned images of the village of Mow Cop in North West England, where he lived and worked from 1958 until his death. He exhibited his work at the Piccadilly Gallery in London and also published an autobiography and a collection of poems
• Jonathan Speirs, an architect who specialized in creatively lighting monumental buildings around the world, passed away on June 18, 2012, at the age of 54. In 1993 Speirs founded the architectural lighting firm Speirs + Major, with Mark Major, and the projects the team worked on include Terminal 5 at the Madrid Barajas International Airport, the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi, and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the world’s tallest building
• Denyse Thomasos, a painter who created large-scale expressionistic work that referenced urban space, maps, and travel, died on July 19, 2012, at the age of 47. Thomasos was a beloved professor to many art students at Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia and at Rutgers University in New Jersey, where she taught from 1995 to the present day. Her work is represented by Lennon Weinberg in New York and Olga Korper Gallery in Toronto
• Herbert Vogel, one half of a legendary contemporary art collecting couple, died on July 22, 2012, at the age of 89. Vogel worked as a postal clerk in New York for decades and, with his wife Dorothy, came to collecting from a genuine love of art. The National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC—the institution that first ignited the couple’s fascination with modern art during a 1962 honeymoon visit—was bequeathed a significant portion of their collection. CAA plans to publish a tribute to Herbert Vogel
• Franz West, the Austrian sculptor of ebullient abstract forms, passed away on July 25, 2012, at the age of 65. West was invested in the functionality of an artwork, bridging the darker currents of the European avant-garde with the lightness and accessibility of Pop art. Recent installations include an outdoor sculpture in New York’s Central Park, called The Ego and the Id (2009)
• George Wyllie, a Scottish sculptor who called himself a “scul?tor” to emphasize the social aspect of his practice, died on May 15, 2012, at the age of 90. Wyllie specialized in outdoor artwork that commented on the decline of industry in his native Glasgow. His best-known pieces are two temporary works, Straw Locomotive, a full-scale reproduction of a train made from straw and chicken wire, and Paper Boat, a vessel that caused a stir when it docked at the harbor of New York’s World Financial Center in 1990

Read all past obituaries in the arts in CAA News, which include special texts written for CAA. Please send links to published obituaries, or your completed texts, to Christopher Howard, CAA managing editor, for the September list.

The Exhibitor and Advertiser Prospectus for the 2013 Annual Conference in New York is now available for download. Featuring essential details for participation in the Book and Trade Fair, the booklet also contains options for sponsorship opportunities and advertisements in conference publications and on the conference website.

The Exhibitor and Advertiser Prospectus will help you reach a core audience of artists, art historians, educators, students, and administrators, who will converge in New York for CAA’s 101st Annual Conference, taking place February 13–16, 2013. With three days of exhibit time, the Book and Trade Fair will be centrally located at the Hilton New York, where most programs sessions and special events take place. CAA offers several options for booths and tables that can help you to connect with conference attendees in person.

In addition, sponsorship packages will allow you to maintain a high profile throughout the conference. Companies, organizations, and publishers may choose one of four visibility packages, sponsor specific areas and events such as the Student and Emerging Professionals Lounge, or work with CAA staff to design a custom package. Advertising possibilities include the Conference Program, distributed to over six thousand registrants, and the conference website, seen by thousands more.

The priority deadline for Book and Trade Fair applications has been extended to Friday, November 16, 2012; the final deadline for all applications and full payments, and for sponsorships and advertisements in the Conference Program, is Friday, December 7, 2012.

Questions about the 2013 Book and Trade Fair? Please contact Paul Skiff, CAA assistant director for Annual Conference, at 212-392-4412. For sponsorship and advertising queries, speak to Helen Bayer, CAA marketing and communications associate, at 212-392-4426.

CAA has partnered with Zipcar to bring car sharing to members at a greatly reduced rate. CAA members can join for a $25 annual fee—as opposed to the regular rate of $60 per year. In addition, if you join through CAA, Zipcar will waive the one-time $25 application fee and also give you $25 in free driving credit.

Zipcar is an easy, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional car-rental programs. With Zipcar you can reserve a vehicle by the hour or the day and select from a wide range of cars, vans, and trucks. Gas, insurance, and 180 miles are included in each reservation. A membership with Zipcar is universal: pick up a car in over fifteen participating cities in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, including New York, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, DC, Toronto, and London. Faculty and students also have the added benefit of being able to access Zipcars right on campus, with more than 250 colleges and universities participating in the car-sharing program.

Join today; don’t forget to use the promotional code member25 to earn $25 in free driving credit to your account.

CAA offers Annual Conference Travel Grants to graduate students in art history and studio art and to international artists and scholars. In addition, the Getty Foundation has funded the second year of a program that enables twenty applicants from outside the United States to attend the 2013 Annual Conference in New York. Applicants may apply for more than one grant but can only receive a single award.

CAA Graduate Student Conference Travel Grant

CAA will award a limited number of $250 Graduate Student Conference Travel Grants to advanced PhD and MFA graduate students as partial reimbursement of travel expenses to attend the 101st Annual Conference, taking place February 13–16, 2013, in New York. To qualify for the grant, students must be current CAA members. Successful applicants will also receive a complimentary conference registration. Deadline: September 14, 2012.

CAA International Member Conference Travel Grant

CAA will award a limited number of $500 International Member Conference Travel Grants to artists and scholars from outside the United States as partial reimbursement of travel expenses to attend the 101st Annual Conference, taking place February 13–16, 2013, in New York. To qualify for the grant, applicants must be current CAA members. Successful applicants will also receive a complimentary conference registration. Deadline: September 14, 2012.

CAA International Travel Grant Program

The CAA International Travel Grant Program, generously supported by the Getty Foundation, provides funding to twenty art historians, museum curators, and artists who teach art history to attend the 101st Annual Conference, taking place February 13–16, 2013, in New York. The grant covers travel expenses, hotel accommodations, per diems, conference registrations, and one-year CAA memberships. For 2013, CAA will offer preconference meetings on February 11 and 12 for grant recipients to present and discuss their common professional interests and issues. Applicants do not need to be CAA members. Deadline extended: August 24, 2012.

Donate to the Annual Conference Travel Grants

CAA’s Annual Conference Travel Grants are funded solely by donations from CAA members—please contribute today. Charitable contributions are 100 percent tax deductible. CAA extends a warm thanks to those members who made voluntary contributions to this fund during the past twelve months.

Image: Joseph Mallord William Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed—The Great Western Railway, 1844, oil on canvas, 35⅞ x 49 in. National Gallery, London (artwork in the public domain)